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Momentum And Radiation Pressure

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

Introduction. Progress in astronomy: from gravitational waves to space weather.

J Michael T Thompson¹

¹Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, UK. jmtt@ucl.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

|September 25, 2008

Summary

Young scientists share future visions in astronomy and Earth science. Topics include gamma-ray bursts, stellar collapse, and exoplanet atmospheres.

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Area of Science:

Astronomy
Earth Science

Background:

Overview of the 'Visions of the Future' series in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.
Focus on the first of two Triennial issues dedicated to astronomy and Earth science.

Discussion:

Highlights contributions from leading young international scientists.
Explores forward-looking perspectives in scientific research.

Key Insights:

Covers cutting-edge astronomical topics such as gamma-ray bursts.
Includes novel concepts on stellar collapse dynamics.
Examines the unique atmospheric conditions of tidally locked exoplanets.

Outlook:

Provides a glimpse into the future trajectory of astronomical and Earth science research.
Showcases emerging scientific talent and their innovative ideas.