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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Labeling DNA Probes03:31

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Fixation and Sectioning01:03

Fixation and Sectioning

Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Conventional BODIPY Conjugates for Live-Cell Super-Resolution Microscopy and Single-Molecule Tracking
07:49

Conventional BODIPY Conjugates for Live-Cell Super-Resolution Microscopy and Single-Molecule Tracking

Published on: June 8, 2020

Borenium cations derived from BODIPY dyes.

Catherine Bonnier1, Warren E Piers, Masood Parvez

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4M5.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|September 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created a stable borenium ion from a BODIPY dye. This borenium ion can be transformed into a borenium hydride using Diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H).

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Boron Chemistry
  • Dye Chemistry

Background:

  • Boron-containing compounds exhibit unique electronic properties.
  • BODIPY dyes are versatile fluorescent molecules with tunable photophysical characteristics.
  • Stable borenium ions are valuable synthetic intermediates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a well-defined borenium ion from a BODIPY dye.
  • To explore the reactivity of the synthesized borenium ion.
  • To convert the borenium ion into a borenium hydride.

Main Methods:

  • Fluoride abstraction from a BODIPY dye precursor.
  • Characterization of the resulting borenium ion.
  • Reduction of the borenium ion using Diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL-H).

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Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis
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Conventional BODIPY Conjugates for Live-Cell Super-Resolution Microscopy and Single-Molecule Tracking
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Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis
13:09

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

Main Results:

  • A stable, well-defined borenium ion was successfully generated from a BODIPY dye.
  • The borenium ion was characterized, confirming its structure and stability.
  • Conversion of the borenium ion to a borenium hydride was achieved via DIBAL-H treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Fluoride abstraction is an effective method for synthesizing borenium ions from BODIPY dyes.
  • The generated borenium ions serve as versatile precursors for other boron species, such as borenium hydrides.
  • This work expands the synthetic utility of BODIPY dyes in organoboron chemistry.