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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Detection of Alternative Splicing During Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
11:48

Detection of Alternative Splicing During Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Published on: October 9, 2014

Differentiating alternative splice variant patterns of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in thyroid neoplasms.

Yongchun Wang1, Jeanne Kowalski, Hua-Ling Tsai

  • 1Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|September 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Investigating human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) splice variants in thyroid tumors revealed distinct expression patterns. These patterns can aid in differentiating benign from malignant nodules, improving diagnostic accuracy.

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Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein
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Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Published on: June 12, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Detection of Alternative Splicing During Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
11:48

Detection of Alternative Splicing During Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Published on: October 9, 2014

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein
08:26

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Published on: June 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy for thyroid nodules has limitations, with 20-30% of cases yielding ambiguous results.
  • Current thyroid cancer biomarkers lack sufficient sensitivity or specificity for definitive diagnosis.
  • Investigating novel biomarkers is crucial for improving the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene expression patterns of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) alternative splice variants.
  • To identify a more reliable biomarker for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
  • To correlate hTERT splice variants with benign and malignant thyroid tumor types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 133 thyroid tumors across eight histopathological types.
  • Nested reverse transcriptase-PCR to examine hTERT alternative splice variant expression.
  • Evaluation of telomerase enzyme activity and c-myc expression in relation to hTERT patterns.

Main Results:

  • Malignant tumors showed higher proportions of full-length hTERT transcripts compared to inactive splice variants.
  • Benign tumors exhibited greater proportions of beta(-)/alpha(-)beta(-) deletion transcripts.
  • Telomerase activity correlated with full-length hTERT, while c-myc correlated with overall hTERT transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct hTERT alternative splice variant expression patterns differentiate benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
  • These gene expression differences may serve as a valuable adjunct to FNA diagnosis.
  • The findings offer a potential new biomarker for suspicious thyroid nodules.