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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

Multiple evolutionarily conserved enhancers control expression of Eya1.

Tadashi Ishihara¹, Shigeru Sato, Keiko Ikeda

¹Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists

|September 26, 2008

Summary

Researchers identified ten Eya1 enhancers crucial for vertebrate organ development. These enhancers regulate the complex gene expression patterns of Eya1 during early embryonic development in chick and mouse.

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Published on: August 23, 2019

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Eya1 (eyes absent homolog 1) is vital for vertebrate organogenesis.
Eya1 exhibits dynamic expression patterns during early embryonic development in species like mouse and chick.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize enhancers regulating Eya1 gene expression.
To understand the cis-regulatory control of Eya1's complex expression patterns.

Main Methods:

Screening of evolutionarily conserved sequences to identify potential Eya1 enhancers.
In vivo enhancer activity assays in chick embryos (HH6-17).
Mutational analysis of identified enhancers.

Main Results:

Ten independent Eya1 enhancers were identified, showing activity in key developmental structures like Hensen's node, neural tube, and cranial ganglia.
The combined activity of identified enhancers recapitulated endogenous Eya1 expression domains in both chick and mouse.
Enhancer activity was also detected in species-specific domains, including trigeminal ganglia and brain.
Mutational analysis revealed the presence of both positive and negative cis-regulatory elements within an enhancer.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive set of Eya1 enhancers has been identified.
These enhancers likely orchestrate the intricate spatiotemporal expression of Eya1 during vertebrate development.
The findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms controlling Eya1 function in organogenesis.