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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood
07:35

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Published on: December 24, 2016

Modulation of dendritic cell function by persistent viruses.

Bisheng Liu1, Andrea M Woltman, Harry L A Janssen

  • 1Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology
|September 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Persistent viruses like HIV and HCV severely impair cellular immunity. This review explores how these viruses, along with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, manipulate dendritic cells (DCs) to evade immune responses and establish chronic infections.

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Chronic viral infections, including HIV and HCV, pose significant global health challenges.
  • Coinfections with HCV in HIV-positive individuals are an increasing concern.
  • Cellular immunity is crucial for controlling viral infections but is often impaired in chronic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interactions between persistent viruses and dendritic cells (DCs).
  • To investigate if viruses employ common strategies to modulate DC function.
  • To enhance understanding of viral persistence mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on DC interactions with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13, HIV-1, and HCV.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for T cell dysfunction in chronic viral infections.
  • Examination of viral evasion strategies targeting immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Persistent viruses can evade immune detection by modulating dendritic cell function.
  • Mechanisms include viral escape mutations, T cell exhaustion, and regulatory T cell activity.
  • Dendritic cell modulation is a potential strategy used by persistent viruses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding how viruses manipulate DCs is key to combating viral persistence.
  • Further research into these interactions could reveal new therapeutic targets.
  • General strategies may exist for viral modulation of dendritic cells across different viruses.