Modulation of dendritic cell function by persistent viruses

Worldwide, chronic viral infections cause major health problems with severe morbidity and mortality. HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) manifest themselves as persistent infections, but they are entirely distinct viruses with distinct replication mechanisms, tropism, and kinetics. Coinfections with HCV among people with HIV are emerging as a growing problem. Cellular immune responses play an important role in viral clearance and disease pathogenesis. However, cellular immunity to HIV and HCV is affected severely in chronic patients. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dysfunctional T cell response, including viral escape mutations, exhaustion of the T cell compartment, and the activity of regulatory T cells. Also, modulation of the function of dendritic cells (DC) has been suggested as one of the mechanisms used by persistent viruses to evade the immune system. In this review, we will focus on DC interactions with one murine persistent virus (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13) and two human persistent viruses (HIV-1 and HCV), intending to examine if general strategies are used by persistent viruses to modulate the function of DC to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of viral persistence.