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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
13:19

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

Published on: November 2, 2013

Murine endogenous retroviruses.

C Stocking1, C A Kozak

  • 1Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Hamburg, Germany. stocking@hpi.uni-hamburg.de

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|September 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mouse genomes contain up to 10% endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences from ancient infections. Unlike human ERVs, active mouse ERVs persist, shaping the genome through insertional mutagenesis and gene regulation.

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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
13:19

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Published on: November 2, 2013

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10:10

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Published on: May 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) constitute a significant portion of the mouse genome, originating from ancient germ line infections.
  • Knowledge of the three ERV classes is inversely proportional to their copy number, with characterization aided by diverse mouse species and genome sequencing.
  • Active ERVs are present in all three classes in mice, unlike the largely extinct ERVs in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distribution, diversity, and evolutionary impact of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in the mouse genome.
  • To explore the mechanisms of adaptive coexistence between mice and ERVs.
  • To highlight the role of ERVs in shaping host genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of mouse species and subspecies.
  • Review of existing literature on endogenous retroviruses in Mus.
  • Analysis of genome sequence data to understand ERV distribution and diversity.

Main Results:

  • Mouse genomes harbor up to 10% ERV sequences, remnants of ancient infections.
  • Active ERVs exist across all three classes in mice, contrasting with human ERVs.
  • ERVs have significantly influenced the mouse genome via insertional mutagenesis, novel sequence contributions, and co-option for host defense.

Conclusions:

  • Host-virus interactions have shaped ERV distribution and diversity in mice over evolutionary time.
  • ERVs have played a critical role in mouse genome evolution, contributing regulatory and coding sequences.
  • Mechanisms facilitating an adaptive coexistence between mice and endogenous retroviruses have evolved.