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Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...

Malaria

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

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Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...

Antiprotozoal Agents

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Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...

American Trypanosomiasis

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Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice

In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice

Published on: February 20, 2020

Leishmaniasis emergence and climate change.

¹Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.

Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

|September 30, 2008

Summary

Climate change impacts leishmaniasis distribution. Spatio-temporal models integrating climate and biological factors are crucial for understanding and predicting disease spread, especially for zoonotic leishmaniasis.

Area of Science:

Environmental science
Epidemiology
Parasitology

Background:

Leishmaniases are zoonotic diseases transmitted by sandflies, with established ecological patterns.
Climate change presents a significant threat to the geographic distribution and incidence of leishmaniases.
Dogs are key reservoir hosts for several veterinary and human leishmaniasis forms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review spatio-temporal modeling of leishmaniasis and sandfly vector distributions in the context of climate change.
To highlight challenges and opportunities in predicting disease emergence under future climate scenarios.

Main Methods:

Review of descriptive ecology and qualitative risk assessment studies.
Analysis of recent statistical and ecological niche modeling approaches for leishmaniasis.

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Application of I TASSER, trRosetta, UCSF Chimera, HADDOCK server, and HEX loria for De Novo and In Silico Design of Proteins

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Case study examination of transmission cycles in the Old World and Americas.

Main Results:

Statistical models often lack generalizability across different geographical regions.
Integrating climate-based spatial models with biological models remains a significant challenge.
A link exists between El Niño and visceral leishmaniasis incidence in Brazil, indicating climate sensitivity.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed to refine models for predicting leishmaniasis emergence under diverse climate change scenarios.
Understanding the complex interplay between climate, vectors, and hosts is essential for effective disease control.
Potential for leishmaniasis emergence in new regions, such as northern Europe, requires proactive investigation.