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Related Concept Videos

Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis associated with prolonged hypocomplementaemia.

D Payne1, P Houtman, M Browning

  • 1Department of Immunology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK. daniel.payne@uhl-tr.nhs.uk

Journal of Clinical Pathology
|September 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can cause prolonged low complement levels (hypocomplementaemia) for months. Persistent hypocomplementaemia does not rule out this common childhood kidney disease diagnosis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is a common kidney disease in children, often following streptococcal infections.
  • Complement system activation, particularly the alternative pathway, is a hallmark of APSGN pathogenesis.

Observation:

  • A 6-year-old boy presented with clinical and serological evidence of APSGN.
  • He exhibited persistently low C3 complement levels and alternative pathway activity for at least 10 months post-diagnosis.
  • No other underlying renal pathology was identified.

Findings:

  • This case demonstrates that hypocomplementaemia, specifically low C3 and alternative pathway activity, can be a prolonged feature of APSGN, lasting significantly longer than typically observed.
  • The patient's complement levels eventually normalized without specific intervention for hypocomplementaemia.

Implications:

  • Prolonged hypocomplementaemia in pediatric patients should not preclude the diagnosis of APSGN.
  • This finding may necessitate extended monitoring of complement levels in children with APSGN.
  • Understanding the duration of complement abnormalities is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of pediatric kidney diseases.