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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

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Related Experiment Video

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Modeling Dysplastic and Functional Lung Alveolar Repair after Influenza Infection
07:45

Modeling Dysplastic and Functional Lung Alveolar Repair after Influenza Infection

Published on: September 19, 2025

Preparing for the next influenza pandemic.

Jonathan A McCullers1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA. jon.mccullers@stjude.org

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are a pandemic concern, meeting two of three key criteria. Global efforts focus on surveillance, research, antivirals, and interventions to prepare for a potential human outbreak.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza viruses require antigenic novelty, severe disease, and human-to-human transmission to cause pandemics.
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strains circulating globally exhibit two of these pandemic criteria.
  • There is significant concern regarding H5N1 avian influenza as a potential cause of the next human pandemic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the critical requirements for an influenza virus to cause a pandemic.
  • To highlight the pandemic potential of current H5N1 avian influenza strains.
  • To detail international preparedness efforts and priorities for a potential H5N1 pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing knowledge on influenza pandemic requirements.
  • Assessment of current H5N1 avian influenza virus characteristics against pandemic criteria.
  • Identification of key priorities for global pandemic preparedness and planning.

Main Results:

  • H5N1 avian influenza viruses possess pandemic potential due to their pathogenicity and transmissibility.
  • International pandemic planning priorities include surveillance, pathogenicity research, antiviral stockpiling, and understanding nonpharmaceutical interventions.
  • Progress has been made, but further work is needed for comprehensive pandemic readiness.

Conclusions:

  • H5N1 avian influenza poses a significant threat for causing the next human pandemic.
  • Effective pandemic preparedness requires a multi-faceted approach including surveillance, research, medical countermeasures, and public health interventions.
  • Healthcare professionals and institutions must develop specific pandemic plans to enhance response capabilities.