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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
07:06

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

HIV coreceptor phenotyping in the clinical setting.

Andrew J Low1, Luke C Swenson, P Richard Harrigan

  • 1British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

AIDS Reviews
|September 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Testing for HIV tropism before prescribing CCR5 antagonists is crucial. Accurately identifying viral coreceptor usage, especially low-level CXCR4 (X4) virus, ensures effective treatment and prevents antiretroviral resistance.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach
07:06

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
11:10

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • CCR5 antagonists offer new antiretroviral therapy options.
  • Patient screening for HIV coreceptor tropism is essential before initiating CCR5 antagonist therapy.
  • Failure to screen increases risks of ineffective treatment, viral non-suppression, and antiretroviral resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and future methods for determining HIV tropism.
  • To focus on the clinical utility of these methods for screening purposes.
  • To discuss challenges and potential improvements in HIV tropism assays.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various tropism determination methods: recombinant phenotypic tests (e.g., Monogram Trofile), genotype-based predictors, heteroduplex tracking assays, and flow cytometry.
  • Evaluation of assay utility in the clinical setting.
  • Discussion of challenges with low-level X4 virus detection.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic methods currently have the strongest supporting evidence for clinical use.
  • Genotypic and other methods may offer reduced costs and faster turnaround times.
  • Detecting low-level viral tropism remains a challenge for all current assay methods.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate HIV tropism testing is vital for effective CCR5 antagonist therapy.
  • Improvements in assay sensitivity, particularly for low-level tropism, are needed.
  • New technologies detecting minority viral species could significantly advance patient care.