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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Published on: June 13, 2025

Proximal humerus reconstructions for tumors.

Benjamin K Potter¹, Sheila C Adams, J David Pitcher

¹Musculoskeletal Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. Benjamin.potter@amedd.army.mil

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

|September 30, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

For proximal humerus tumor reconstruction, allograft-prosthetic composite is recommended for younger patients and endoprosthetic for older patients. Osteoarticular allografts have high complication rates and are not routinely recommended.

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

Orthopedic oncology
Musculoskeletal tumor surgery
Reconstructive surgery

Background:

Reconstruction of the proximal humerus after tumor resection presents challenges.
Optimal reconstruction methods, including osteoarticular allograft, allograft-prosthetic composite, and endoprosthetic options, remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare functional outcomes and complication rates of three proximal humerus reconstruction techniques.
To provide evidence-based recommendations for proximal humerus reconstruction in tumor patients.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 49 patients undergoing proximal humerus resection and reconstruction.
Analysis of functional scores (Musculoskeletal Tumor Society) and complication rates for osteoarticular allograft, allograft-prosthetic composite, and endoprosthetic groups.
Minimum 24-month follow-up in surviving patients.

Main Results:

Allograft-prosthetic composite reconstruction showed higher functional scores (79%) compared to osteoarticular allograft (71%) and endoprosthetic (69%) reconstructions.
Osteoarticular allografts had a high complication rate (53% fracture rate).
Shoulder instability was more frequent with endoprosthetic reconstruction.

Conclusions:

Allograft-prosthetic composite reconstruction is recommended for younger patients with primary bone tumors.
Endoprosthetic reconstruction is suitable for older patients with metastatic disease.
Osteoarticular allograft reconstruction is not recommended for routine proximal humerus use due to high complication rates.