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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

Published on: December 20, 2024

The bone-anchored hearing aid for children: recent developments.

Ad Snik¹, Joop Leijendeckers, Myrthe Hol

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands. a.snik@kno.umcn.nl

International Journal of Audiology

|September 30, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) system offers superior bone-conduction hearing for children with bilateral conductive hearing loss, significantly improving communication and development compared to surgery. Younger children may require alternative solutions.

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Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

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Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Otorhinolaryngology
Audiology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

The Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) system, introduced in 1984, utilizes percutaneous coupling to the skull for effective bone-conduction hearing.
Clinical studies demonstrated BAHA's superiority over conventional bone-conduction aids in adults with conductive hearing loss.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of the BAHA system in children with congenital or acquired conductive hearing loss.
To compare BAHA outcomes with reconstructive surgery for pediatric conductive hearing loss.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical data on children with conductive hearing loss treated with BAHA.
Comparison of audiological and developmental outcomes between BAHA and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

Children with bilateral conductive hearing loss showed significantly greater benefits from BAHA compared to reconstructive surgery.
BAHA application is identified as the optimal approach for achieving normal communication and speech/language development in this pediatric population.

Conclusions:

The BAHA system is an indispensable tool for managing bilateral conductive hearing loss in children.
For children under three to four years old, alternative solutions like transcutaneous bone conductors are necessary due to surgical age restrictions.
Evidence for early intervention with BAHA in unilateral congenital conductive hearing loss remains limited.