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Related Concept Videos

The Angiosperm Life Cycle02:39

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.
Pollination and Flower Structure02:40

Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.
Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

Overview
Asexual Reproduction02:38

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and produced without the fusion of male and female gametes.

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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TSitologiia i genetika·2018
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[The growth and differentiation of root cap columella cells and the proper root grown in the stationary conditions and under clinorotation].

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[Alterations of nucleolar DNA localization caused by simulated microgravity].

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[Altered gravity affects subnucleolus localization of fibrillarin and NopA64, the most important proteins of rRNA processing].

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[Role of cytoskeleton in gravisensitivity of a plant cell: experimental data and hypotheses].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization
05:21

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

Published on: August 29, 2019

[Double fertilization in flowering plants: 1898-2008].

E L Kordium

    Tsitologiia I Genetika
    |October 1, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    This review covers plant embryology research linked to double fertilization discovery. Advanced microscopy and cell cultures reveal insights into flowering plant reproduction and early development.

    Area of Science:

    • Plant reproduction biology
    • Developmental botany
    • Flowering plant embryology

    Background:

    • Double fertilization, a key event in flowering plant reproduction, was discovered by S.G. Navashin.
    • Understanding the origins of the female gametophyte and endosperm is crucial in plant embryology.
    • Early plant development involves complex interactions between gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent findings in plant embryology related to double fertilization.
    • To discuss the origins of the female gametophyte, double fertilization, and endosperm formation.
    • To highlight the role of molecular processes in early plant ontogenesis.

    Main Methods:

    • Electron microscopy
    • Fluorescence microscopy

    More Related Videos

    Live Imaging of Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Reception and Double Fertilization Using the Semi-In Vitro Cum Septum Method
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    Live Imaging of Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Reception and Double Fertilization Using the Semi-In Vitro Cum Septum Method

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    Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques
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    Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

    Published on: April 12, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

    Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization
    05:21

    Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

    Published on: August 29, 2019

    Live Imaging of Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Reception and Double Fertilization Using the Semi-In Vitro Cum Septum Method
    06:45

    Live Imaging of Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Reception and Double Fertilization Using the Semi-In Vitro Cum Septum Method

    Published on: February 24, 2023

    Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques
    09:17

    Whole-mount Clearing and Staining of Arabidopsis Flower Organs and Siliques

    Published on: April 12, 2018

  • Cytophotometry
  • In vitro cultures of ovules, sperms, eggs, and central cells

    • Main Results:

    • Investigations provide insights into the processes of double fertilization in vivo and in vitro.
    • Studies using advanced microscopy and cell cultures have elucidated key aspects of plant reproduction.
    • The research connects early developmental stages with molecular mechanisms.

    Conclusions:

    • Progress in plant embryology is significantly driven by studying molecular processes.
    • Understanding molecular control is essential for comprehending female gametophyte and sporophyte development.
    • Further research into molecular pathways will advance knowledge of double fertilization and plant ontogenesis.