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Related Concept Videos

Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

Design and synthesis of dinucleotide 5'-triphosphates with expanded functionality.

Tatiana V Abramova1, Svetlana V Vasileva, Ludmila S Koroleva

  • 1Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrent'ev Ave 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. abramova@niboch.nsc.ru

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
|October 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel method for synthesizing modified dinucleotide 5'-triphosphates. This approach yields new substrates for nucleic acid synthesis with enhanced functionality.

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
11:37

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nucleotide derivatives are crucial for biological processes.
  • Existing synthesis methods have limitations in creating functionalized nucleotides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a versatile synthetic strategy for dinucleotide 5 -triphosphates.
  • To create novel nucleotide analogs with expanded functionalities for research.

Main Methods:

  • Solution phase synthesis of dinucleotide dimers.
  • Chemical modification of heterocyclic bases and the carbohydrate-phosphate backbone.
  • Introduction of the triphosphate moiety.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of various dinucleotide 5 -triphosphates with functional groups.
  • Demonstrated utility in creating modified nucleotide substrates.
  • Obtained analogs with amino acid-mimicking groups and backbone modifications.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed synthetic route is effective for producing diverse dinucleotide 5 -triphosphates.
  • These novel compounds serve as valuable tools for template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis.
  • The approach enables the creation of nucleotides with tailored functionalities.