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New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
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Dynamic behavioural changes in the Spontaneously Hyperactive Rat: 2. Control by novelty.

Jonathan Williams1, Geir Sagvolden, Eric Taylor

  • 1Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom. johwilliams@gmail.com

Behavioural Brain Research
|October 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be driven by a need for novelty, not just learning. This study identifies drive characteristics in SHR rats, suggesting sensation-seeking behavior influences ADHD symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms temporarily improve with novelty and stimulant medication.
  • Current learning-based ADHD models do not explain this temporary amelioration effect.
  • A drive for novelty, potentially linked to dopamine, is a proposed mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish criteria to differentiate drive-based from learning-based behavioral changes.
  • Investigate if a drive for novelty underlies ADHD symptoms in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a variable-interval reinforcement schedule to observe SHR behavior across different timescales.
  • Assessed behavioral changes for drive characteristics: low information content, unidirectionality, saturability, rapid reversibility, and cycle stability.
  • Developed a computational simulation with interacting reward systems (water and stimulation/novelty) to model observed behaviors.

Main Results:

  • SHR exhibited a lack of normal response down-regulation with sparser schedules and appeared to re-learn weekly schedule lengths.
  • Hyperactivity in SHR was operant-specific and developed gradually within sessions.
  • Within-session SHR activity was replicated by a simulation incorporating novelty-seeking drives.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced sensation-seeking, particularly novelty-seeking, best explains within-session SHR activity changes.
  • This drive-based account does not fully explain longer-term behavioral changes in SHR.
  • SHR, potentially linked to low anxiety and sensation-seeking, are valuable models for further ADHD research.