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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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The Influence of Cognition on Affect

Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be interpreted as...
The Influence of Affect on Cognition01:29

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.

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The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making.

Edmund T Rolls1, Fabian Grabenhorst

  • 1University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, England, United Kingdom. Edmund.Rolls@oxcns.org

Progress in Neurobiology
|October 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for emotion, representing reward value and guiding actions. It learns associations, influencing subjective emotional experiences and decision-making.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) processes the affective value of primary reinforcers like taste and touch.
  • It learns to associate neutral stimuli with rewards, forming representations of expected value for various sensory inputs.
  • The OFC plays a central role in emotion by representing goals for action and enabling stimulus-reinforcer association learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in representing reward value and its contribution to emotion.
  • To explore how the OFC integrates sensory information with affective value for decision-making.
  • To understand the influence of attention and cognitive input on OFC function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of orbitofrontal cortex function in representing reward value.
  • Investigation of stimulus-reinforcer association learning mechanisms.
  • Examination of neural correlates of affective learning, including negative reward prediction error neurons.
  • Observing the effects of OFC damage on emotional learning and behavior.
  • Studying the modulation of OFC representations by top-down attention and cognitive inputs.

Main Results:

  • OFC activations correlate with subjective emotional experiences.
  • Damage to the OFC impairs emotion-related learning, emotional behavior, and affective state.
  • Top-down attention to affect and cognitive inputs can modulate OFC representations.
  • The OFC represents reward value on a continuous scale, crucial for decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex is essential for representing affective value and guiding goal-directed behavior.
  • It integrates sensory information to form a common currency for reward value, facilitating decision-making.
  • Cognition can influence emotion through top-down modulation of OFC representations.