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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor
09:21

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor

Published on: January 4, 2016

FXR: a metabolic regulator and cell protector.

Yan-Dong Wang1, Wei-Dong Chen, David D Moore

  • 1Department of Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

Cell Research
|October 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates metabolism and has newly discovered roles in gut health and liver disease. These findings highlight FXR as a promising therapeutic target for various conditions.

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Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor
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Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation
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Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Published on: July 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor controlling bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism.
  • FXR is implicated in metabolic syndrome and related disorders.
  • FXR is a validated drug target for metabolic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the established metabolic regulatory functions of FXR.
  • To highlight recently discovered non-metabolic roles of FXR.
  • To underscore FXR's expanded therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of FXR research.
  • Analysis of studies on FXR's role in metabolism.
  • Examination of emerging research on FXR's broader functions.

Main Results:

  • FXR is a central regulator of bile acid homeostasis and lipid metabolism.
  • Emerging evidence shows FXR influences intestinal antibacterial defense.
  • FXR plays significant roles in liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • FXR's functions extend beyond metabolic regulation.
  • FXR is a versatile therapeutic target for metabolic and other diseases.
  • Further research into FXR's diverse roles is warranted.