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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

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Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection
09:25

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Published on: May 24, 2020

[Molecular evolution of poxviruses].

I V Babkin, S N Shelkunov

    Genetika
    |October 2, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The evolutionary rate of poxviruses was estimated using Bayesian dating, revealing that modern poxvirus genera diverged over 200,000 years ago. Variola virus (VARV) evolution began approximately 3,400 years ago.

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    Published on: April 13, 2009

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Evolution
    • Bioinformatics

    Context:

    • Previous studies classified variola virus (VARV) strains, enabling initial estimations of its evolution rate.
    • Poxviridae family molecular evolution analysis was conducted using conserved genome regions and RNA polymerase genes.

    Purpose:

    • To estimate the mutation accumulation rate of poxviruses.
    • To determine the divergence times of modern poxvirus genera and specific orthopoxviruses.
    • To analyze the independent evolution of VARV and its relationship with monkeypox virus (MPXV).

    Summary:

    • Bayesian dating estimated poxvirus mutation rates at (1.7-8.8) x 10^-6 nucleotide substitutions per site per year.
    • Poxvirus genera diverged over 200,000 years ago; Orthopoxvirus ancestor emerged 131,000 years ago.
    • Variola virus (VARV) evolution began 3,400 years ago, with West African subtypes forming due to geographical isolation.

    Impact:

    • Provides a molecular clock for poxvirus evolution, aiding in understanding their diversification.
    • Establishes divergence timelines for major poxvirus groups, including Orthopoxvirus and VARV.
    • Highlights the role of geographical changes in the divergent evolution of VARV and MPXV.