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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance01:39

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria01:29

Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria

Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

[Additional chromosomes in bacteria: properties and origin].

A A Prozorov

    Mikrobiologiia
    |October 2, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Many bacteria possess a smaller, secondary chromosome alongside their main one, carrying essential genes. Research suggests these vital accessory chromosomes may have originated from megaplasmids.

    Area of Science:

    • Bacterial genetics
    • Microbiology
    • Genomics

    Context:

    • Focuses on the last 15 years of research.
    • Examines bacterial secondary chromosomes.
    • Considers genera with additional chromosomes.

    Purpose:

    • To review the literature on bacterial secondary chromosomes.
    • To discuss the function and origin of these chromosomes.
    • To highlight their importance for bacterial survival.

    Summary:

    • Bacterial species can harbor smaller, secondary chromosomes in addition to their primary chromosome.
    • These accessory chromosomes contain vital genes and exhibit distinct replication mechanisms.
    • Evidence suggests a possible origin from megaplasmids.

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    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
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    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

    Published on: April 4, 2016

    Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH
    07:54

    Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

    Published on: August 19, 2014

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

    Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
    11:12

    Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

    Published on: September 11, 2017

    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
    14:26

    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

    Published on: April 4, 2016

    Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH
    07:54

    Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

    Published on: August 19, 2014

    Impact:

    • Enhances understanding of bacterial genome organization.
    • Provides insights into bacterial evolution and adaptation.
    • Identifies key genes essential for bacterial life.