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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
14:54

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Published on: November 29, 2015

Ischemic optic neuropathy.

Geetha Athappilly1, Victoria S Pelak, Naresh Mandava

  • 1Department of Neurology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.

Neurological Research
|October 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ischemic optic neuropathy causes vision loss in middle-aged individuals. This review offers physicians updated insights for diagnosing and managing ischemic nerve injuries.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
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Published on: November 29, 2015

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
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System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury
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System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a leading cause of vision impairment in middle-aged adults.
  • Recent research is clarifying the natural history, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of ION.
  • Physicians are gaining new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for ischemic nerve injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
  • To provide a management and counseling framework for physicians treating ION patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent clinical and laboratory studies.
  • Synthesis of data on diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of ION.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have enhanced understanding of ION's natural course and presentation.
  • New diagnostic criteria and insights into pathogenesis are emerging.
  • Potential treatment strategies are being developed.

Conclusions:

  • Physicians can utilize updated information to improve ION diagnosis and patient care.
  • A structured approach to management and counseling is essential for affected individuals.