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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
Downstream Processing01:29

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...
Multiple Pipe Systems01:21

Multiple Pipe Systems

Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.The Golgi apparatus is a major sorting and dispatch station for the products of the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Results of an international, randomized trial comparing glucose metabolism disorders and outcome with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus. Am J Transplant 7 1506-1514, 2007.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
09:37

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

Published on: August 26, 2019

What's next in the pipeline.

F Vincenti1, A D Kirk

  • 1University of California, San Francisco, Kidney Transplant Service, San Francisco, CA, USA. Flavio.Vincenti@ucsfmedctr.org

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|October 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Transplant therapeutics face challenges, with few new immunosuppression agents approved. However, a promising pipeline of novel small molecules and biologics are in clinical trials for transplantation.

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Ultra-Fast Amplicon-Based Next-Generation Sequencing in Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
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Ultra-Fast Amplicon-Based Next-Generation Sequencing in Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
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Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

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Ultra-Fast Amplicon-Based Next-Generation Sequencing in Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
07:59

Ultra-Fast Amplicon-Based Next-Generation Sequencing in Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Transplantation Medicine

Background:

  • The first decade of the 21st century saw limited progress in transplant therapeutics, with no new immunosuppression agents approved.
  • Several promising drugs and biologics failed clinical trials or showed disappointing preclinical results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and progress in developing novel immunosuppression agents for organ transplantation.
  • To highlight the current pipeline of investigational drugs and biologics in clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial failures and successes in transplant therapeutics.
  • Analysis of the current preclinical and clinical pipeline for novel immunosuppression agents.
  • Discussion of regulatory and clinical challenges in drug development for transplantation.

Main Results:

  • No new immunosuppression agents were approved in the last decade.
  • Multiple novel agents, including small molecules (ISA247, AEB071, CP 690,550) and biologics (belatacept, efalizumab, alefacept), are in Phase II/III clinical trials.
  • The preclinical pipeline is robust, addressing unmet needs in transplant therapeutics.

Conclusions:

  • Despite past disappointments, the field of transplant therapeutics shows renewed promise with a diverse pipeline of novel agents.
  • Addressing challenges in clinical trial design and regulatory pathways is crucial for future drug approvals in transplantation.