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Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Published on: December 10, 2013

Mixed respiratory virus infections.

Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà1, Florence Komurian-Pradel, Nathalie Richard

  • 1Fondation Mérieux, Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France. glaucia.baccala@lpe.fondation-merieux.org

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
|October 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mixed respiratory viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), are common in infants. Understanding co-infections is crucial for managing severe bronchiolitis and guiding diagnostic testing.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Mixed respiratory viral infections are frequently observed in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis.
  • The association between co-infections and disease severity remains controversial, potentially due to methodological limitations in viral detection and small study cohorts.
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, followed by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and rhinoviruses during winter epidemics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of co-pathogen presence on the clinical course of bronchiolitis in infants.
  • To determine if co-infections, particularly those involving RSV, influence disease severity and outcomes.
  • To inform clinical decision-making regarding the necessity of co-pathogen testing in severe bronchiolitis cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on viral identification methods in bronchiolitis.
  • Analysis of patient cohorts to assess the prevalence of single versus multiple respiratory viral infections.
  • Comparison of disease severity and hospitalization rates among infants with different viral co-infection profiles.

Main Results:

  • Studies indicate RSV is detected in approximately 70% of hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis.
  • Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and rhinoviruses are detected in 3-19% and 20% of cases, respectively.
  • The presence of multiple viruses, such as RSV with rhinoviruses or RSV with hMPV, may alter the natural progression of bronchiolitis.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between different respiratory viruses in infants.
  • Understanding viral co-infections can refine diagnostic strategies and treatment approaches for severe bronchiolitis.
  • Clinical guidelines may benefit from incorporating evidence on co-pathogen testing in RSV-infected infants with severe disease.