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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
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Adolescent immunizations: missed opportunities for prevention.

Grace M Lee1, Suchita A Lorick, Elizabeth Pfoh

  • 1Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, MA 02215, USA. grace_lee@hphc.org

Pediatrics
|October 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Adolescent immunization rates for key vaccines remain low, with frequent missed opportunities during healthcare visits. Improving preventive care access is crucial for timely adolescent vaccinations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunization Practices

Background:

  • Adolescent immunization rates often lag behind childhood rates, indicating a need for improved vaccination strategies.
  • Missed opportunities for vaccination during healthcare encounters are common among adolescents.
  • Preventive care utilization is a potential factor influencing timely adolescent immunizations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine immunization coverage for tetanus-diphtheria, hepatitis B, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines in 13-year-old adolescents.
  • To identify instances of missed opportunities for tetanus-diphtheria immunization in adolescents aged 11–17.
  • To assess the relationship between preventive care use and the timeliness of tetanus-diphtheria vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 23,987 adolescents (born 1986–1991) enrolled in Harvard Pilgrim Health Care and Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates from 1997–2004 was analyzed.
  • Immunization status at age 13 and missed opportunities for tetanus-diphtheria vaccination within 14 days of a healthcare visit were assessed.
  • Multivariate models examined predictors of timely tetanus-diphtheria vaccination, focusing on preventive care service use.

Main Results:

  • Among 13-year-olds, up-to-date rates were 84% for tetanus-diphtheria, 74% for hepatitis B, and 67% for measles-mumps-rubella.
  • With complete childhood vaccination records, rates increased to 92%, 82%, and 85% respectively.
  • Missed opportunities for tetanus-diphtheria immunization occurred at 84% of healthcare visits, and adolescents with lower preventive care use were less likely to be timely vaccinated.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent immunization coverage significantly trails childhood rates, highlighting a public health concern.
  • Missed opportunities for vaccination are prevalent, underscoring the need for improved healthcare provider practices.
  • Enhancing preventive service utilization and capitalizing on every healthcare visit for vaccination are essential strategies to improve adolescent immunization rates.