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Related Concept Videos

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...

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Retraction notice to "Comparative Efficacy of Hormone Replacement Therapy, Etidronate, Calcitonin, Alfacalcidol, and Vitamin K in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: The Yamaguchi Osteoporosis Prevention Study" [The American Journal of Medicine 117 (2004) 549-555].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
05:03

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Published on: December 27, 2024

[Vitamin K2].

Yoichiro Ishida1

  • 1Yamaguchi Allied Health College.

Clinical Calcium
|October 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin K2 supplementation may reduce bone fractures and maintain bone density in osteoporosis patients. Further large-scale trials are needed to confirm these findings for vitamin K2 (menaquinone) and vitamin K1 (phytonadione).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
05:03

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Published on: December 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Bone Metabolism and Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Geriatric Medicine

Background:

  • Osteoporosis treatment in Japan includes Vitamin K2 since 1995.
  • Vitamin K2 demonstrates potential in inhibiting bone fractures and preserving bone mineral density (BMD).
  • The direct link between increased BMD and reduced fracture incidence with Vitamin K2 remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on Vitamin K supplementation for osteoporosis.
  • To assess the efficacy of Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) and Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) in managing osteoporosis.
  • To identify the need for further research, specifically large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on fracture reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of seven Japanese randomized controlled trials.
  • Analysis of studies involving phytonadione (Vitamin K1) and menaquinone (Vitamin K2) supplementation.
  • Evaluation of outcomes related to bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture incidence.

Main Results:

  • Supplementation with Vitamin K1 and particularly Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-4) is associated with increased BMD.
  • Evidence suggests a reduction in fracture incidence with Vitamin K supplementation.
  • A clear correlation between BMD increase and fracture decrease by Vitamin K2 requires further substantiation.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin K2 has a history of use in osteoporosis treatment in Japan.
  • Existing data suggest Vitamin K supplementation, especially menaquinone-4, benefits BMD and may reduce fractures.
  • Larger, well-designed RCTs with fractures as the primary endpoint are necessary to confirm these benefits.