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Predation risk from crab spiders on flowers reduces pollinator visits, leading to lower seed set and fruit biomass in Rubus rosifolius. Pollinators avoid flowers with spiders, causing trait-mediated indirect effects on plant fitness.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Plant-Pollinator Interactions

Background:

  • Predators significantly influence foraging behaviors of floral visitors.
  • Top-down effects of predators on plant fitness via trait-mediated interactions are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of predation risk on insect flower visitors.
  • To quantify trait-mediated indirect effects of predators on plant fitness.
  • To identify specific predator traits recognized and avoided by pollinators.

Main Methods:

  • Artificial crab spiders were used to manipulate predation risk on Rubus rosifolius flowers.
  • Flower visitation rates and components of plant fitness (seed set, fruit biomass) were measured.
  • Pollinator avoidance of specific predator traits (forelimbs, abdomen) was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Total visitation rate was higher for control flowers compared to those with artificial spiders.
  • Flowers with only a spider abdomen (sphere) received more visits than those with forelimbs or the entire spider model.
  • Artificial spiders decreased seed set by 42% and fruit biomass by 50%.

Conclusions:

  • Pollinators, primarily bees, recognize and avoid flowers indicating predation risk.
  • Forelimbs appear to be the key predator trait that hymenopterans avoid.
  • Pollinator avoidance of predation risk leads to pollen limitation, negatively impacting plant fitness components.