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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
Multicompartment Models: Overview01:14

Multicompartment Models: Overview

Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
10:52

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Outcomes of multiplets.

E S Shinwell1, T Haklai, S Eventov-Friedman

  • 1Department of Neonatology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel. eric_s@clalit.org.il

Neonatology
|October 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Outcomes differ for singletons and multiples, with recent studies clarifying these risks. This review examines factors influencing short- and long-term health, including antenatal steroids and gender.

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatal and neonatal medicine
  • Maternal-fetal medicine
  • Pediatric outcomes research

Background:

  • Significant advancements in perinatal and neonatal care have impacted outcomes for singleton and multiple births.
  • Existing literature highlights distinct short- and long-term outcomes between singletons and multiples.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing clinical management and patient counseling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and synthesize current evidence on the differential outcomes of singletons, twins, and higher-order multiples.
  • To analyze risks after adjusting for gestational age and other confounding variables.
  • To investigate the influence of specific factors like antenatal steroid therapy and gender on multiple birth outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of large, well-designed studies.
  • Comparative analysis of outcomes between singleton and multiple gestations.
  • Statistical adjustment for gestational age and potential confounding variables.
  • Focused examination of specific influencing factors (e.g., antenatal steroids, gender).

Main Results:

  • Short- and long-term outcomes vary significantly between singletons and multiples.
  • Adjusting for gestational age and confounders reveals specific risk profiles for different multiple birth orders.
  • Antenatal steroid therapy and gender demonstrate notable effects on the outcomes of multiples.

Conclusions:

  • Singleton and multiple births exhibit distinct risk trajectories, necessitating tailored clinical approaches.
  • Gestational age and other covariates are critical in assessing multiple birth outcomes.
  • Further research into specific interventions and factors influencing long-term neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in multiples is warranted.