Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
14:05

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

Toilet training: situation at 2 years of age in a birth cohort

Denise M Mota1, Aluisio J D Barros

  • 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil. denisemmota@gmail.com

Jornal De Pediatria
|October 4, 2008
PubMed

Insights

Most 24-month-old children possess the skills for toilet training, yet many haven't started. Parental education and socioeconomic status influence the timing of diaper removal, with better-informed mothers delaying training the most.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Child Development
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Bladder and bowel control acquisition is multifactorial, involving physiological, psychological, and sociocultural elements.
  • Early childhood development includes achieving continence, a key milestone for independence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of children out of diapers by 24 months of age.
  • To identify factors associated with the acquisition of bladder and bowel control in early childhood.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study of 3,281 children born in Pelotas, Brazil, in 2004.
  • Home visits at 24 months with maternal questionnaires on sociodemographic data and toilet training habits.
  • Multivariate Poisson regression analysis to identify associated factors.

Main Results:

  • 24.3% of children were daytime dry and 8.6% were nighttime dry by 24 months; females predominated in both.
  • 85.5% of children had the necessary abilities for toilet training.
  • Maternal education and higher social class were associated with later diaper removal, while children living at home and communicating toileting needs increased the likelihood of being out of diapers.

Conclusions:

  • Despite developmental readiness at 24 months, most children had not commenced toilet training.
  • Maternal knowledge and information access appeared to influence delayed toilet training initiation.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Related Concept Videos

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal01:26

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development describes the anal stage as occurring between 18 months and three years of age. During this period, children derive pleasure from controlling and releasing their bowel movements. However, they quickly learn that societal expectations impose restrictions on when and where this can happen. This stage marks a critical point where children begin to develop a sense of control and mastery over their bodily functions, as well as their broader...
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
Exploration...
Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development

The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone, blending...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development01:17

Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development

During Piaget's concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, children exhibit a marked increase in logical thinking skills, specifically in relation to tangible, real-world events. This stage is characterized by the development of several essential cognitive concepts, including conservation, reversibility, and classification, all of which support the child's evolving capacity for structured thought.
Conservation and Constancy of Quantity
A significant cognitive milestone in the concrete...
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...