PCL microspheres based functional scaffolds by bottom-up approach with predefined microstructural properties and...

Advanced tissue engineering approaches rely upon the employment of biomaterials that integrate biodegradable scaffolds with growth factor delivery devices to better guide cellular activities and enhance tissue neogenesis. Along these lines, here we proposed a bottom-up approach for the realization of bioactive scaffolds with controllable pore size and interconnection, combined with protein-loaded polymeric microcarriers acting as local chrono-programmed point source generation of bioactive signals. Bioactive scaffolds are obtained through the thermal assembly of protein activated poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) microspheres prepared by double emulsion and larger protein free PCL microspheres obtained by single emulsion. It is shown that the pore dimension, interconnectivity and mechanical properties in compression of the scaffold could be predefined by an appropriate choice of the size of the protein-free microparticles and process conditions. Protein-loaded microparticles were successfully included within the scaffold and provided a sustained delivery of a model protein (BSA). These matrices offer the possibility to concurrently modulate and control the size and extension of the porosity, mechanical properties and the spatial-temporal distribution of multiple bioactive signals.