Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression, inflammation, and cell apoptosis in septic guinea pig lungs using...

The use of glucocorticoids for treatment of sepsis has waxed and waned during the past several decades, and recent randomized controlled trials have evoked a reassessment of this therapy. Most glucocorticoid actions are mediated by its specific intracellular receptors (GRs). Thus we initially evaluated whether sepsis and high-dose corticosteroid therapy can regulate guinea pig pulmonary expression of GRs: active receptor, GRalpha, and dominant negative receptor, GRbeta. Sepsis induction by LPS injection (300 mug/kg ip) decreased mRNA and protein levels of GRalpha and increased protein expression of GRbeta in lungs. High-dose methylprednisolone (40 mg/kg ip), administered simultaneously with LPS, markedly potentiated the decrease in GRalpha expression but slightly affected the increase in GRbeta expression. Consequently, this led to a significant reduction in GRalpha nuclear translocation. Nevertheless, methylprednisolone treatment strongly eliminated LPS induction of NF-kappaB activity, as determined by NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and by gel mobility shift assays. Furthermore, the LPS-induced increase in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was blunted by administration of the corticosteroid. On the other hand, immunofluorescent staining for cleaved caspase-3 showed a marked increase in this proapoptotic marker in lung sections, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) represented an enhanced appearance of cell apoptosis in lungs and spleen when methylprednisolone was given together with LPS. Cell apoptosis is now considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of septic syndrome. We thus suggest that the action of glucocorticoids at high doses to accelerate sepsis-induced cell apoptosis may overwhelm their therapeutic advantages in septic shock.