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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Affinity and Avidity01:41

Affinity and Avidity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Relationship between CD8-dependent antigen recognition, T cell functional avidity, and tumor cell recognition.

Tamson V Moore1, Gretchen E Lyons, Natasha Brasic

  • 1Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII
|October 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Understanding T cell receptor (TCR) affinity is key for effective immunotherapy. This study shows that T cell functional avidity can be modulated independently of TCR affinity, impacting immunotherapy strategies.

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In Vitro Tumor Cell Rechallenge For Predictive Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Antitumor Function

Published on: February 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Immunotherapy
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Effective T cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cell immunotherapy relies on understanding TCR affinity and T cell functional avidity.
  • High functional avidity T cells are crucial for successful cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the relative affinity of two TCRs from high functional avidity T cell clones.
  • To investigate the relationship between TCR affinity, functional avidity, and CD8 independence in T cell recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated and characterized two TCRs from HLA-A2-restricted, gp100-reactive T cell clones.
  • Expressed these TCRs in CD8- Jurkat cells for functional avidity and antigen recognition assays.
  • Assessed recognition of peptide-loaded T2 cells and HLA-A2+ melanoma cells.

Main Results:

  • TCRs from high functional avidity clones were evaluated.
  • Jurkat cells expressing these TCRs showed high functional avidity but failed to recognize melanoma cells.
  • CD8-independent recognition by the original clone did not transfer to Jurkat cells.

Conclusions:

  • T cell functional avidity does not directly correlate with TCR affinity.
  • CD8 independence in antigen recognition is not always transferable via TCR expression.
  • T cells possess mechanisms to modulate functional avidity independently of TCR affinity, impacting immunotherapy design.