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Related Concept Videos

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with cytoskeletal...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct microscopic...
Types of Membrane Protrusions01:28

Types of Membrane Protrusions

The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
The microvilli, an example of stable protrusions, are finger-like projections with a...
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
08:15

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients

Published on: July 16, 2018

Dimpled vesicles: the interplay between energetics and transient pores.

Susan D Gillmor1, Paul S Weiss

  • 1Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 725 21st Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20052, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|October 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Red blood cells (RBCs) change shape in capillaries. This study mimics RBC discoid shape by creating area differences in lipid bilayers, revealing transient pores enable shape changes.

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Red blood cells (RBCs) exhibit remarkable shape malleability, transitioning between discocytes, echinocytes, and stomatocytes in response to external stimuli.
  • Previous research demonstrated that altering lipid leaflet composition influences RBC shape, with exterior additives promoting stomatocyte formation.
  • RBC shape transformations are linked to the unique properties of the RBC bilayer and asymmetric leaflet surface areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the energetic and geometric factors governing RBC shape transformations.
  • To develop a model system that mimics the biconcave RBC discoid shape.
  • To identify mechanisms enabling vesicles to achieve lower energy states through shape modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Creation of a symmetrical lipid bilayer system designed to promote area differences between leaflets.
  • Analysis of the energetic and geometric properties of the model system.
  • Observation and characterization of vesicle shape changes.

Main Results:

  • The developed system successfully mimicked the discoid shape of RBCs.
  • Area-difference induction between lipid bilayer leaflets was achieved.
  • Transient pore formation was identified as a key mechanism for vesicle deflation and profile reduction.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the critical role of area-difference between lipid bilayer leaflets in controlling cell shape.
  • Transient pores are crucial for enabling vesicles to adopt lower energy configurations.
  • This research provides insights into the fundamental biophysics of cell shape regulation and membrane dynamics.