Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Archaea IV01:29

Diversity of Archaea IV

Hyperthermophilic archaea are a group of extremophiles thriving at temperatures above 80°C, often in hydrothermal vents and volcanic soils where conditions surpass the boiling point of water. At such temperatures, proteins, membranes, and DNA in most organisms degrade, but hyperthermophiles have evolved remarkable adaptations to maintain stability and function.Unique Cellular FeaturesHyperthermophilic membranes are composed of a monolayer of biphytanyl tetraether lipids, which resist thermal...
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
Hyperthermophilic Bacteria01:21

Hyperthermophilic Bacteria

Domain Bacteria includes some unique hyperthermophilic species. They exhibit remarkable adaptations that enable survival in extreme environments.Thermotoga species are rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating hyperthermophiles that form a sheath-like envelope called a toga. They ferment sugars or starch, producing lactate, acetate, CO₂, and H₂, and can also grow via anaerobic respiration using H₂ and ferric iron. Found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, over 20% of their genes show strong...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrative and interpretable machine learning framework for early non-invasive detection of clinically significant liver fibrosis.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Self-management support in oncology: A concept analysis.

European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society·2026
Same author

Enhanced Recovery and Postoperative Analgesia After Laparoscopic Myomectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Total Intravenous Anesthesia, Transversus Abdominis Plane Block with Rectus Sheath Block, and Quadratus Lumborum Block.

Drug design, development and therapy·2026
Same author

[Growth and metabolic characteristics and kinetic modeling of MDCK adherent cells cultured in basket bioreactors].

Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology·2026
Same author

Spatial-cellular resolution analysis of ferroptosis-associated immune microenvironment heterogeneity in osteoarthritic cartilage.

Immunobiology·2026
Same author

Biased signaling of β2-adrenergic receptor in physiological and pathological states.

Cellular & molecular biology letters·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes
13:30

A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes

Published on: November 7, 2012

[Promoting high-temperature hydrolysis under alkaline condition].

Yu-feng He1, Feng-lin Yang, Shao-wei Hu

  • 1School of Envioronmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China. heyufeng-983@163.com

Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue
|October 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alkaline thermal hydrolysis effectively breaks down excess sludge, releasing significant organic matter. This method enhances soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and volatile fatty acids, optimizing sludge treatment.

More Related Videos

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
09:46

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Published on: May 19, 2019

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations
06:50

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Published on: August 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes
13:30

A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes

Published on: November 7, 2012

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
09:46

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Published on: May 19, 2019

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations
06:50

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Published on: August 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Biotechnology
  • Waste Management

Context:

  • Excess sludge generation poses a significant challenge in wastewater treatment.
  • Conventional sludge treatment methods often face limitations in efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the efficacy of alkaline thermal hydrolysis on excess sludge characteristics.
  • To determine optimal conditions for maximizing organic matter release and hydrolysis.

Summary:

  • Alkaline thermal hydrolysis enhances organic material release from sludge cells by increasing temperature, pH, and reaction time.
  • Optimal conditions (pH 13, 170°C, 75 min) yielded a SCOD of 17,950 mg/L and a SCOD/TCOD ratio of 0.65.
  • Maximal dissolution rates for suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) were 67% and 72%, respectively.
  • SCOD concentration showed a strong linear correlation with sludge concentration (R² > 0.97).
  • Sludge concentration, pH, and reaction time were identified as key factors influencing SCOD.

Impact:

  • Provides an optimized method for enhanced sludge solubilization and organic matter recovery.
  • Offers potential for improved biogas production and reduced sludge disposal volumes.
  • Contributes to sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery strategies.