Origin of contralateral reactive gliosis in surgically injured rat cerebral cortex

While reactive gliosis is readily observed close to the site of cerebral injury, astrocyte reactivity can also occur in distant areas either ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion site. The present experiments were designed to address the origin of contralateral gliosis in adult rats following a cortical stab wound injury. One-month-old rats were subjected to either left cortical stab wound alone, callosotomy alone, callosotomy plus left cortical stab wound, or no surgery; 7 days later, animals were sacrificed. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were obtained and immunostained for GFAP. While untreated controls showed no cortical gliosis, callosotomy alone induced mild bilateral cortical gliosis. Whether or not rats were subjected to a callosotomy, the left cortical stab wound produced identical results: severe ipsilateral cortical gliosis and moderate contralateral gliosis. In all lesion models, both the intensity of GFAP staining and the number of reactive astrocytes were most marked in cortical areas abutting the subarachnoid spaces and decreased gradually into the deeper cortical layers. Our results suggest that the origin of contralateral gliosis in cortical stab injury is more likely due to the release of soluble substance(s) which diffuse to distant areas, rather than the migration of astrocytes through the corpus callosum from the lesion site, or being subsequent to degeneration of neurons which fibers traverse the corpus callosum.