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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

Overview
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Graphs of Two-Variable Functions01:27

Graphs of Two-Variable Functions

A weather map provides a practical example of a function of two variables. Across a wide region such as the United States, temperatures vary from one location to another. Each location can be identified by two geographic coordinates: longitude and latitude. Since a single temperature value is assigned to each coordinate pair, the situation can be represented mathematically as a function with two inputs and one output.In mathematical notation, longitude and latitude can be labeled as x and y,...
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping
09:48

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

Published on: November 7, 2016

High-resolution spatiotemporal weather models for climate studies.

Michael A Johansson1, Gregory E Glass

  • 1Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR, USA. mjohansson@cdc.gov

International Journal of Health Geographics
|October 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a method to predict weather across Puerto Rico using limited data, improving climate and dengue fever research. The models provide detailed climate information for understanding disease transmission.

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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Published on: June 8, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping
09:48

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

Published on: November 7, 2016

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
13:27

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Published on: June 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Epidemiology
  • Climate science

Background:

  • Climate significantly impacts public health, especially vector-borne diseases like dengue fever, which are sensitive to environmental conditions.
  • Linking climate variability to health outcomes is challenging due to a lack of comparable spatial and temporal data for both climate and disease surveillance.
  • Accurate, high-resolution climate data is crucial for understanding and predicting the spread of infectious diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a methodology for extrapolating limited weather observations to a meaningful geographical scale in Puerto Rico.
  • To create spatially and temporally explicit climate data compatible with local dengue surveillance systems.
  • To enable downstream studies on the climatic effects on dengue transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spatial models and minimal weather observations to predict weather across Puerto Rico.
  • Predicted monthly mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature, and cumulative precipitation at a 1,000-meter resolution.
  • Employed conditional simulation to robustly pass model error to future analyses.

Main Results:

  • Successfully predicted key weather variables (temperature and precipitation) at a fine geographical scale.
  • Achieved average root mean squared errors of 1.24°C for maximum temperature, 1.69°C for minimum temperature, and 62.2 mm for precipitation in cross-validation.
  • Generated a valuable dataset for investigating climate-sensitive infectious diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Presented an efficient methodology for enhancing sparse weather data.
  • The generated climate data will support future research on dengue transmission dynamics in Puerto Rico.
  • The use of conditional simulation ensures the reliability of model error propagation for subsequent studies.