Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Herpes

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Genital Herpes

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Regional immunity in the respiratory tract: challenges and opportunities.

Science bulletin·2026

Same author

Prediction and Analysis of Creep Rupture Life of 9Cr Martensitic-Ferritic Heat-Resistant Steel by Neural Networks.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Author Correction: Barcoded HIV-1 reveals viral persistence driven by clonal proliferation and distinct epigenetic patterns.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Shared host genetic landscape of respiratory viral infection.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Same author

TRIM14-NF-κB pathway in the anterior cingulate cortex modulates comorbid depressive symptoms in chronic pain.

Molecular pain·2025

Same author

Barcoded HIV-1 reveals viral persistence driven by clonal proliferation and distinct epigenetic patterns.

Nature communications·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Persistent gammaherpesvirus replication and dynamic interaction with the host in vivo.

Seungmin Hwang¹, Ting-Ting Wu, Leming M Tong

¹Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Journal of Virology

|October 10, 2008

Summary

This study reveals how gammaherpesviruses interact with hosts over time using bioluminescence imaging. It shows viral replication dynamics and reactivation, crucial for understanding persistent infections.

More Related Videos

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Published on: August 31, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Published on: August 31, 2017

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Gammaherpesviruses cause persistent infections with poorly understood systemic host interactions.
Continuous in vivo monitoring is vital for controlling these lifelong viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a noninvasive method for real-time monitoring of gammaherpesvirus-host interactions in vivo.
To investigate the dynamics of viral replication, latency, and reactivation in individual hosts.

Main Methods:

Construction of a recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) expressing firefly luciferase (M3FL).
Real-time bioluminescence imaging for continuous monitoring of M3FL infection in mice.
Induction of viral reactivation using Velcade or cyclosporine A.

Main Results:

Identified novel replication sites (salivary glands) and acute infection sites (nose, lung, spleen).
Demonstrated variable kinetics of viral organ transition and local clearance.
Detected in vivo spontaneous reactivation from latency, inducible by specific treatments.

Conclusions:

Gammaherpesvirus replication and reactivation are dynamically controlled by local host-virus interactions.
Bioluminescence imaging is effective for real-time monitoring of MHV-68 dynamics in vivo.