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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
09:36

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: December 22, 2009

US policies on human embryonic stem cells.

Richard O Hynes1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA. rohynes@mit.edu

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|October 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Scientific guidelines, not federal regulation, currently govern human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research in the US. These principles are proving effective and influencing state and potential federal policies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • The United States operates under a federal system with distinct state jurisdictions.
  • Public debate surrounding human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research has led to restricted federal funding and minimal central oversight.
  • Existing regulations are primarily driven by scientific bodies rather than comprehensive federal mandates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the current regulatory landscape for human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research in the United States.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of guidelines established by scientific organizations in governing ESC research.
  • To assess the influence of these guidelines on state-level regulations and potential future federal policies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing federal and state legislation pertaining to human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research.
  • Analysis of guidelines and best practices published by major scientific organizations in the field.
  • Case studies examining the impact of scientific guidelines on regulatory development in select states.

Main Results:

  • Federal support and regulation for human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research remain limited due to public and political controversies.
  • Guidelines from scientific organizations have been widely adopted, providing a de facto framework for research oversight.
  • These guidelines are demonstrably influencing the development of state-specific regulations and are poised to inform future federal policy.

Conclusions:

  • Self-regulation by scientific organizations has effectively managed human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research in the absence of extensive government mandates.
  • The established guidelines serve as a functional model for ethical conduct and scientific rigor in this field.
  • These principles are likely to shape the future regulatory environment for human embryonic stem-cell (ESC) research at both state and federal levels.