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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Aging01:26

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
09:40

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Published on: January 19, 2017

Mitochondrial iron accumulation with age and functional consequences.

Arnold Y Seo1, Jinze Xu, Stephane Servais

  • 1Department of Aging and Geriatrics, Division of Biology of Aging, Genomics and Biomarkers Core of the Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

Aging Cell
|October 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Aging increases mitochondrial iron, leading to dysfunction and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle and liver. This iron accumulation may enhance susceptibility to apoptosis, contributing to age-related diseases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
09:40

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Published on: January 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Aging Research
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Iron accumulation disrupts cellular homeostasis and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in aging.
  • Limited research exists on iron's impact on skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria during aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of age-related iron accumulation on mitochondrial integrity and function in rat skeletal muscle and liver.
  • To determine the correlation between iron levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated liver mitochondria (LM), subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM), and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) from rats of varying ages (8-37 months).
  • Quantified non-heme iron content, assessed mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening susceptibility, and measured mitochondrial RNA oxidation.

Main Results:

  • Non-heme iron content increased significantly with age in SSM, IFM, and LM.
  • Aged mitochondria with high iron (SSM, LM) showed increased mPTP opening susceptibility and RNA oxidation.
  • Iron levels correlated positively with RNA oxidation and negatively with Ca(2+) needed for mPTP opening.

Conclusions:

  • Age-dependent mitochondrial iron accumulation exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage.
  • Increased iron may enhance susceptibility to apoptosis in aging skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria.