Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Metabolic control of smooth muscle cell phenotype switching in atherosclerosis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Subcellular systems follow Onsager reciprocity.

npj biomedical innovations·2026
Same author

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Improves Lung Vascular Integrity During Acute Lung Injury.

Circulation research·2026
Same author

TWIST1 drives endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition to stabilize atherosclerotic plaques.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Retraction Note: SUMOylation of VEGFR2 regulates its intracellular trafficking and pathological angiogenesis.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

A fibroblast-like endothelial cell state promotes atherosclerosis via C/EBPβ-activated TGF-β signaling.

The EMBO journal·2026
Same journal

Proteogenomics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Reveals Subtype-Specific Therapy.

Circulation research·2026
Same journal

Impaired Endothelial Cell Cholesterol Metabolism Promotes Vascular Inflammation in Sleep Apnea.

Circulation research·2026
Same journal

Engineered Heart Tissues Facilitate Noncoding Variant Studies in Cardiomyopathy.

Circulation research·2026
Same journal

NUAK1 Inhibition Alleviates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via SYNE1-YAP1.

Circulation research·2026
Same journal

Aging Disrupts L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channel Organization and Function in Pacemaker Cells.

Circulation research·2026
Same journal

Glycine Receptor α2 Mediates Vasodilation via Endothelial eNOS Signaling.

Circulation research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
09:16

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Published on: January 30, 2014

Branching morphogenesis.

Arie Horowitz1, Michael Simons

  • 1Angiogenesis Research Center and Section of Cardiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. arie.horowitz@dartmouth.edu

Circulation Research
|October 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tubular systems form via branching, regulated by dual signaling pathways. Understanding these molecular mechanisms, like fibroblast growth factor and Notch, is key to development and disease research.

More Related Videos

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix
08:49

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix

Published on: July 10, 2016

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel&#8217;s Cartilage
06:40

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage

Published on: October 21, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
09:16

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Published on: January 30, 2014

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix
08:49

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix

Published on: July 10, 2016

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel&#8217;s Cartilage
06:40

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel’s Cartilage

Published on: October 21, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Tubular structures are fundamental across species, crucial for organ development in mammals (e.g., kidneys, lungs, vasculature).
  • Tubular systems exhibit hierarchical branching, with morphology determined by branching frequency and geometry.
  • Branching is controlled by signaling pathways with a dual agonist-inhibitor mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing the sprouting of new branches in tubular systems.
  • To highlight the conserved nature of branching control mechanisms across diverse tubular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of signaling pathways in model organisms (Drosophila) and vertebrates.
  • Focus on key signaling molecules like fibroblast growth factor, Notch, transforming growth factor-beta, and Sprouty.

Main Results:

  • Identified fibroblast growth factor as a key driver of branching in tracheal systems (Drosophila) and epithelial tubules.
  • Demonstrated inhibitory roles for Sprouty/Notch in Drosophila and Notch in vertebrate vasculature.
  • Highlighted transforming growth factor-beta as an inhibitor in vertebrate epithelial tubules.

Conclusions:

  • Conserved dual signaling pathways (agonist/inhibitor) regulate branching in diverse tubular systems.
  • Understanding these pathways is critical for comprehending tubulogenesis in development and disease.
  • Molecular insights into branching mechanisms offer therapeutic targets for regenerative medicine.