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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

[Juvenile scleroderma].

Patrícia Andrade de Mâcedo1, Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo, Cláudia Goldenstein-Schainberg

  • 1Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.

Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa
|October 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Juvenile scleroderma, a rare childhood fibrosis affecting skin and organs, has distinct forms and requires early recognition. Treatment strategies are evolving, with improved outcomes compared to adult forms, though further research is needed.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Rheumatology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Juvenile scleroderma is a rare autoimmune condition impacting children.
  • It presents differently from adult scleroderma, affecting skin and internal organs.
  • Early diagnosis and classification are crucial for better patient outcomes.

Purpose:

  • To review current knowledge on juvenile scleroderma.
  • To discuss clinical manifestations, classification, and treatment options.
  • To highlight the prognosis and challenges in managing childhood scleroderma.

Summary:

  • Juvenile scleroderma encompasses localized and systemic forms, with localized being more common and skin-predominant.
  • Juvenile diffuse systemic sclerosis involves visceral organs and cardiac disease, a major cause of mortality.
  • While outcomes are better than in adults, treatment remains challenging, with guidelines adapted from adult protocols.

Impact:

  • Provides an updated overview for clinicians managing pediatric patients with scleroderma.
  • Emphasizes the need for specialized care and highlights areas for future research.
  • Informs treatment strategies and improves understanding of disease progression in children.