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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:12

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: October 4, 2024

Estrogenic control of mitochondrial function and biogenesis.

Carolyn M Klinge1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA. carolyn.klinge@louisville.edu

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
|October 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Estrogens impact mitochondrial function through genomic and nongenomic pathways. This review explores estrogen

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:12

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Estrogens exert cell-specific physiological effects.
  • Estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) mediate both genomic and nongenomic signaling.
  • Mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular energy production and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the rapid and longer-term effects of estrogen on mitochondrial function.
  • To discuss the role of estrogen receptors in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and activity.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying estrogen's influence on mitochondrial gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on estrogen signaling and mitochondrial function.
  • Discussion of genomic pathways involving estrogen receptors and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1).
  • Exploration of nongenomic pathways involving plasma membrane-associated ERs and protein kinases.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) are identified within mitochondria.
  • Estrogen signaling regulates the transcription of nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1).
  • NRF-1 influences the transcription of mitochondrial transcription factor Tfam (mtTFA), impacting mtDNA-encoded genes.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogens directly and indirectly influence mitochondrial biogenesis, oxygen consumption, and apoptosis.
  • Estrogen's effects on mitochondria involve both nuclear gene expression and direct mitochondrial actions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the comprehensive impact of estrogens on mitochondrial activities.