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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration
06:14

Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration

Published on: May 9, 2020

Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory dislocation in adults.

Riccardo Sinigaglia1, Albert Bundy, Daniele A Fabris Monterumici

  • 1Sandro Agostini Spine Surgery Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy. sinigagliariccardo@siot.it

Chirurgia Narzadow Ruchu I Ortopedia Polska
|October 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory dislocation (TAARD) is rare in adults but treatable. Early CT diagnosis and conservative management, like immobilization, lead to good outcomes, though delayed diagnosis can cause poor results.

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration
06:14

Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration

Published on: May 9, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Pure traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory dislocation (TAARD) is a rare condition, typically seen in children, presenting as a cause of torticollis.
  • This study focuses on three rare adult cases of TAARD, detailing their anatomy, management strategies, and long-term outcomes.

Observation:

  • All three adult patients sustained TAARD from head-on automobile accidents.
  • Diagnosis was delayed in one case (45 days); others showed initial signs on radiographs, with CT scans confirming the C1-C2 complex subluxation in all instances.
  • Patients presented with varying degrees of injury severity and diagnostic delays.

Findings:

  • Conservative treatment, including reduction and immobilization (Halo-Vest or rigid cervical collar), was successful in all cases.
  • Long-term follow-up (3-10 years) showed no C1-C2 complex mobility or instability.
  • Two patients achieved full, pain-free range of motion; one experienced persistent stiffness and neurological deficits, likely due to pre-existing spinal issues.

Implications:

  • TAARD should be considered in adult differential diagnoses for post-traumatic neck pain and limited motion, even without torticollis.
  • CT imaging is crucial for accurate C1-C2 complex evaluation.
  • Prompt diagnosis and conservative management, with appropriate immobilization duration, generally yield favorable outcomes, emphasizing the impact of diagnostic delay.