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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Introduction to Joints

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

A simple, anatomically based correction to the conventional ankle joint center.

Dustin A Bruening¹, Ashlie N Crewe, Frank L Buczek

¹Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. dbruening@shrinenet.org

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)

|October 14, 2008

Summary

This study developed an anatomically based correction for the ankle joint center, improving accuracy in motion analysis. Using a percentage of shank length reduced ankle joint translations during gait by 25%.

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A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Orthopedics
Motion Analysis

Background:

Conventional ankle joint center (AJC) definition may lack anatomical accuracy.
Research suggests a more distal AJC location is anatomically correct.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate an anatomically based correction for the conventional AJC.
To improve the accuracy of AJC in motion analysis studies.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of pediatric lower extremity radiographs (n=30).
Correlation of AJC offset with anatomical measures from skin markers.
Evaluation of a correction factor based on shank length during gait (n=8).

Main Results:

Shank length showed the highest correlation (r=0.89) with AJC offset.
A simple correction (2.7% of shank length) accurately predicted AJC offset (0.6mm mean error).
This correction reduced mean ankle joint translations during gait by 25%.

Conclusions:

Anatomically based correction enhances AJC accuracy.
The proposed correction offers improved kinematic and kinetic fidelity for motion analysis.