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Related Concept Videos

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations01:23

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...
Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity01:10

Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity

The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is more accurately defined in terms of activity rather than concentration.
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Third-order thermodynamic perturbation theory for effective potentials that model complex fluids.

Shiqi Zhou1, J R Solana

  • 1School of Physics Science and Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China. chixiayzsq@yahoo.com

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|October 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Monte Carlo simulations evaluated thermodynamic properties for complex fluids using two potentials. A new third-order theory accurately predicted these properties, outperforming older second-order theories.

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Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package
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Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

Published on: September 17, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package
06:37

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

Published on: September 17, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Computational Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Complex fluids and mixtures with large size asymmetry, like colloidal dispersions, exhibit unique effective potentials.
  • Understanding these potentials is crucial for modeling solvent-induced depletion interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To obtain thermodynamic properties of fluids using square-well and oscillatory potential models.
  • To assess the accuracy of a new third-order thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT) against a second-order TPT.

Main Methods:

  • Monte Carlo simulations were employed to calculate thermodynamic properties.
  • Two distinct model potentials were utilized: a square-well potential and an oscillatory decaying-tail potential.
  • Simulation data covered the entire fluid density range at various temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Thermodynamic properties including compressibility factor and excess energy were obtained for both potentials.
  • The third-order TPT demonstrated significantly higher accuracy compared to the second-order TPT for all analyzed properties.
  • The new theory performed well across different thermodynamic properties and potential models.

Conclusions:

  • The developed third-order thermodynamic perturbation theory offers superior accuracy for modeling thermodynamic properties of fluids with complex potentials.
  • This advancement is particularly relevant for systems with extreme size asymmetry, such as colloidal dispersions.
  • The study validates the efficacy of the new TPT in predicting fluid behavior under various conditions.