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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i,&VeryThinSpace;j&VeryThinSpace;], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

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Updated: Jun 29, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

Reentrant isotropic-nematic phase transition.

M Simões¹, M Pazetti, S M Domiciano

¹Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, 86051-990-Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. simoes@uel.br

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|October 15, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study models the reentrant isotropic-nematic phase transition in lyotropic liquid crystals using a geometrical approach. The model explains micellar shape changes and confirms the transition is second-order, aligning with experimental data.

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Area of Science:

Liquid crystal physics
Materials science
Soft matter physics

Background:

Lyotropic liquid crystals exhibit complex phase transitions, including reentrant isotropic-nematic phases.
Understanding micellar shape changes is crucial for modeling these transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a geometrical semimicroscopic model for the reentrant isotropic-nematic phase transition.
To characterize micellar deformation and its relation to the nematic order parameter.

Main Methods:

Modeling micellar shape as ellipsoidal deformation.
Quantifying deformation using scalar (intensity) and tensorial (spatial distribution) parameters.
Constructing deformation invariants and coupling them with the orientational order parameter.

Main Results:

The model successfully describes the reentrant isotropic-nematic phase transition.
Deformation intensity is linked to ellipsoidal eccentricity; spatial distribution relates to the tensorial nematic order parameter.
The phase transition was determined to be second-order.

Conclusions:

The developed geometrical model provides a framework for understanding reentrant phase transitions in lyotropic liquid crystals.
Model parameters can be determined by comparison with experimental data.
The study confirms the second-order nature of the isotropic-nematic phase transition.