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Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Treating Surfaces with a Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma using the COST-Jet

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Published on: November 2, 2020

Unconditional jetting.

Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo¹

¹ESI, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos, s/n 41092, Spain.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|October 15, 2008

Summary

This study reveals conditions for stable capillary jets, enabling arbitrarily small droplet sizes or flow rates. These findings bypass the typical dripping-jetting transition for enhanced control in fluid dynamics applications.

Area of Science:

Fluid Dynamics
Interfacial Phenomena
Rheology

Background:

Capillary jetting is typically limited by a critical capillary number, dependent on Reynolds number and fluid properties.
Jetting transitions to dripping when the marginal stability velocity (v_{-};{*}) reaches zero.
Existing models do not fully capture regimes with stable, non-transitioning capillary jets.

Purpose of the Study:

Identify and characterize parametric regions where capillary jets remain supercritical, independent of flow rate.
Investigate conditions allowing for arbitrarily small droplet sizes or minimal flow rates.
Analyze the behavior of capillary jets in both low and high inertia regimes.

Main Methods:

Analytical studies of asymptotic cases for negligible and dominant inertia forces.

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Mathematical modeling of jet stability and perturbation wave propagation.

Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data.

Main Results:

Identified parametric regions where the marginal stability velocity (v_{-};{*}) is positive, ensuring supercritical jetting.
Demonstrated that within these regions, the usual dripping-jetting transition is avoided.
Observed that axisymmetric perturbation waves can propagate downstream even with static bulk liquid in high inertia cases.
Found a critical limit for jet profile slope in low inertia (small Reynolds number) flows.

Conclusions:

The study provides a theoretical framework for stable capillary jetting, enabling precise control over droplet size and flow rate.
The findings are relevant for technologies requiring fine droplet generation or low-flow fluid delivery.
Experimental validation supports the predicted behaviors in different flow regimes.