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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials

Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials

Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures

Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures

Published on: September 2, 2019

Stochastic metallic-glass cellular structures exhibiting benchmark strength.

Marios D Demetriou¹, Chris Veazey, John S Harmon

¹Keck Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. marios@caltech.edu

Physical Review Letters

|October 15, 2008

Summary

Highly porous metallic-glass foams exhibit exceptional strength by leveraging "structural scales" for plastic yielding. These novel metallic-glass foams rival or surpass engineered metal foams in strength at similar porosity levels.

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures

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Published on: September 2, 2019

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Mechanical Engineering
Metallurgy

Background:

Porous metallic materials are crucial for various engineering applications.
Designing metallic foams with high strength and ductility remains a significant challenge.
Metallic glasses offer high yield strength but often lack ductility.

Purpose of the Study:

To design stochastic highly porous metallic-glass structures with enhanced resistance to buckling and fracture.
To achieve plastic yielding in metallic-glass foams while retaining the high strength of the amorphous metal.
To compare the strength of these novel metallic-glass foams with existing engineered metal foams.

Main Methods:

Identification of
structural scales
as the key characteristic governing the mechanical resistance of porous metallic glasses.
Design of stochastic metallic-glass structures based on these identified scales.
Experimental characterization and mechanical testing of the designed foams.

Main Results:

The designed metallic-glass foams demonstrate significant plastic yielding capability.
These foams inherit the high plastic yield strength characteristic of amorphous metals.
The strengths achieved are comparable to or exceed those of highly engineered metal foams like Ti-6Al-4V and ferrous-metal foams at similar porosity.

Conclusions:

Stochastic metallic-glass foams with optimized
structural scales
represent a new class of ultra-high strength porous materials.
These materials offer a promising combination of high strength and ductility.
The findings position these metallic-glass foams among the strongest known foam materials to date.