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Sublimation

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
As the bending moment...

Plastic Behavior

Plastic Behavior

A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.

Residual Stresses in Bending

Residual Stresses in Bending

In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are classified as elastomers, fibers, or plastics based on their crystallinity. Crystallinity, the degree of long-range order in the solid state, influences the mechanical properties (stretching or contracting) of elastomers. Elastomers are flexible polymers that can expand or contract easily upon the application of an external force. They have numerous crosslinks that pull them back into their original shape when stress is removed. Silicones, for instance, are highly elastic...

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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

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Published on: January 19, 2016

Sublimation inside an elastoplastic material.

Valery I Levitas¹, Nataliya Altukhova

¹Iowa State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|October 15, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study develops thermodynamic and kinetic models for sublimation in stressed elastoplastic materials, addressing critical nucleus formation and growth modes under large strains for improved material science understanding.

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Area of Science:

Solid Mechanics
Materials Science
Thermodynamics

Background:

Sublimation in elastoplastic materials under tensile stress is complex.
Irreversible plastic deformation introduces challenges in modeling.
Understanding bubble behavior is crucial for material integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

Develop thermodynamic and kinetic approaches for sublimation in large-strain elastoplastic materials.
Address conceptual issues in plastic deformation, including critical nucleus formation and growth.
Establish kinetic relationships between sublimation pressure and temperature.

Main Methods:

Application of thermodynamic and kinetic theories.
Analysis of irreversible plastic deformation for spherical bubbles.
Development of novel concepts for critical nucleus and growth modes.

Main Results:

Defined thermodynamic driving forces and activation energies for sublimation.
Introduced nontraditional concepts for critical nucleus formation and its path dependence.
Identified sublimation and mechanical instability-driven expansion as growth modes.
Obtained kinetic relationships between sublimation pressure and temperature.

Conclusions:

The study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding sublimation in stressed elastoplastic materials.
Novel insights into critical nucleus formation and growth dynamics are presented.
The findings contribute to predicting material behavior under extreme conditions.