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Length of time's arrow.

Edward H Feng¹, Gavin E Crooks

¹College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|October 15, 2008

Summary

Researchers developed a new measure for time-symmetry breaking to understand the thermodynamic arrow of time. This work quanties time asymmetry in single-molecule RNA experiments, linking it to energy dissipation.

Area of Science:

Physics
Thermodynamics
Statistical Mechanics

Background:

The origin of the thermodynamic arrow of time from time-reversible microscopic dynamics remains a fundamental problem in physics.
Understanding time-asymmetry is crucial for interpreting nonequilibrium processes and statistical mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a quantitative measure for time-symmetry breaking in physical systems.
To apply this measure to analyze time asymmetry in single-molecule RNA unfolding experiments.
To establish a connection between time asymmetry, energy dissipation, and the accuracy of free energy estimations.

Main Methods:

Definition of a novel measure for time asymmetry based on Jensen-Shannon divergence between forward and time-reversed trajectory probability distributions.

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Application of work fluctuation relations to analyze experimental data from single-molecule RNA unfolding.

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the developed time asymmetry measure and thermodynamic quantities.

Main Results:

A robust measure of time-symmetry breaking was successfully developed and defined.
The time asymmetry of single-molecule RNA unfolding experiments was quantified using this measure.
The length of the 'time's arrow' was shown to bound average dissipation and influence free energy estimation accuracy.

Conclusions:

The developed measure provides a quantitative tool to assess time-symmetry breaking in physical systems.
The study elucidates the connection between microscopic time reversibility and macroscopic thermodynamic irreversibility.
This work offers insights into the fundamental nature of time's arrow and its implications for nonequilibrium thermodynamics.