Modification of three-dimensional prototype temporal bone model for training in skull-base surgery

Experience with dissection of the temporal bone is essential for training in skull-base surgery, but only a limited number of neurosurgical residents have the opportunity of cadaver dissection. A modification of a commercially available prototype three-dimensional (3D) temporal bone model is proposed to include artificial dura mater, venous sinuses, and cranial nerves for such surgical training. The base 3D temporal bone model incorporates the surface details and the inner ear structures and air cells. Model dural sinuses and dura mater made from silicone, cranial nerves made from rubber fibers, and internal carotid artery made from rubber tubes were added to the model. Posterior petrosectomy (transpetrosal approach) and transcondylar approach were performed on this model using a high-speed drill and ultrasonic bone curette under an operating microscope. The modified 3D temporal bone model provided good experience with the complicated 3D anatomy. The model could be dissected, and the dural sinuses and dura mater preserved by the eggshell peeling technique in almost the same way as real temporal bone. The modified 3D temporal bone model provides a good educational tool for training in skull-base surgery.