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Related Concept Videos

Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.
Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction01:26

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

α-Substituted ketones or aldehydes can be synthesized from enamines by the Stork enamine reaction, named after its pioneer Gilbert Stork. Enamines are useful synthetic intermediates where the lone pair on nitrogen is in conjugation with the C=C bond. They resemble enolate ions, as the resonance forms of both species have a nucleophilic α carbon.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids
08:21

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

Published on: April 13, 2022

A synthon approach to artificial chemistry.

Tom Lenaerts1, Hugues Bersini

  • 1SWITCH Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. tlenaert@vub.ac.be

Artificial Life
|October 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a coevolutionary model linking chemical structure and reaction network topology. The model aims to bridge experimental chemistry with complex network analysis, cautioning against overgeneralization of network structures.

Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Systems Chemistry
  • Network Science

Background:

  • Designing realistic chemical models requires integrating constitutional chemistry, kinetics, and network topology.
  • Studying complex chemical reaction networks necessitates models that reflect biochemical realism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a coevolutionary model that unifies chemical structure, kinetics, and reaction network evolution.
  • To develop a framework for experiments that closely align with chemical principles.
  • To facilitate the study of physical properties in complex chemical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a coevolutionary model integrating constitutional chemistry, kinetics, and network topology.
  • Explanation of the underlying theory and algorithms.

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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids
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Curation of Computational Chemical Libraries Demonstrated with Alpha-Amino Acids

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Synthesizing Amino Acids Modified with Reactive Carbonyls in Silico to Assess Structural Effects Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
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Synthesizing Amino Acids Modified with Reactive Carbonyls in Silico to Assess Structural Effects Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

  • Illustration with two case studies.

    • Main Results:

    • The coevolutionary model provides a framework for studying chemical reaction networks.
    • Case studies demonstrate the complexity of chemical reaction network structures.
    • The model highlights the need for caution when making broad claims about network properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Coevolutionary models offer a robust approach to understanding chemical systems.
    • The interplay between chemical structure and network topology is crucial.
    • Generalizations about chemical reaction network structures require careful consideration.